Who Gets to Speak on Cable News?: The identity of the whitest, malest show we found may surprise you.
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All In With Chris Hayes had the most ethnically diverse guestlist we found on cable
news. |
By
Peter Hart
A survey of major cable news discussion programs shows a stunning lack of diversity among the guests.
FAIR surveyed five weeks of broadcasts of the interview/discussion segments on several leading one-hour cable shows:
CNN's
Anderson Cooper 360° and
OutFront With Erin Burnett,
All In With Chris Hayes and the
Rachel Maddow Show on
MSNBC, and
Fox News Channel's
O'Reilly Factor and
Hannity.
Guests were coded by gender, race/ethnicity and occupation, as well
as the affiliations of partisan guests-those who are identified with a
party as current or former government officials or campaign
professionals.
Data was collected during the first two weeks of February, the first
week of March and the first two weeks of April. (Fewer weeks were
monitored in March to limit the distorting effects of the singular focus
on the missing Malaysian plane story.) Guests who appeared in interview
or roundtable segments were the only appearances that were included;
taped segments, which normally include a correspondent and soundbites
from various guests, were excluded.
In total, there were 1,015 guests in the five-week period.
Maddow was an outlier with only 49 guests during the study period; the other shows ranged from
All In with 164 to
AC360 and
OutFront, both with 212.
Among guests with a partisan affiliation, Democrats outnumbered
Republicans, 104 to 84. That is almost entirely due to the lopsided
nature of partisan-identified guests on
MSNBC.
All In With Chris Hayes had a 35-7 advantage for Democrats, while
Rachel Maddow had 12 Democrats to two Republicans.
Fox News Channel, as you might expect, featured more Republicans than Democrats, but the GOP enjoyed a more modest advantage: 24-15 on the
O'Reilly Factor and 29-21 on
Hannity. Many of the Democrats appearing on
Fox News are what one might call "
Fox News Democrats" (
Extra!,
3/12),
people like Kirsten Powers, Bob Beckel and Lanny Davis, who often
represent a center-right faction of the party and are called on to bash
more progressive Democrats.
The largest category of guests were other members of the media: 55
percent of the guests were either journalists (400) or pundits (159).
Current and former government officials were the next largest category,
accounting for almost 10 percent of guests (107). There were 37 military
guests (current and former), 35 representatives of think tanks and 32
academics. Other prominent guest categories were lawyers (21) and
business representatives (17).
Some patterns were a function of the study period. Fifteen guests
were affiliated with the Bundy ranch standoff, when a conservative
rancher decided to protest having to pay to graze his cattle on federal
land. All of those guests appeared on the
Hannity show.
CNN’s
obsessive coverage of the disappeared Malaysian airplane was evident in
their programming in March, which featured pilots, aviation experts and
scientists who would normally not appear on cable chat shows.
Eighty-four percent of guests were white (848). The most and least diverse shows in terms of ethnicity were both on
MSNBC: People of color were 27 percent of guests on
All In and only 6 percent on
Maddow. Just three of
Maddow’s guests were people of color; none of these were women.
Hayes' previous show, the weekend
Up With Chris Hayes, had been credited for presenting more diverse discussions than other programs, particularly the Sunday morning chat shows (
Media Matters,
3/14/13). Hayes explained (
CJR.org,
3/28/13)
that it was simply a matter of monitoring the show's guest list: "A
general rule is if there are four people sitting at table, only two of
them can be white men."
The
Fox News shows were also mostly white, with people of color constituting 10 percent of the guests on
O'Reilly and 15 percent on
Hannity. On
CNN,
AC360's guest list was 14 percent people of color, and
OutFront (19 percent) was slightly better.
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People of color constitute about 36 percent of the US population. On
All In,
the show that came closest to parity, there were 76 percent as many
people of color as there would have been if the sources had matched the
nation’s demographics. By comparison, people of color appeared 53
percent as much as their demographic proportion on
OutFront, 39 percent on
AC360, 42 percent on
Hannity and 29 percent on
O’Reilly. On
Maddow, people of color were represented just 17 percent as often as they occur in the general public.
Latinos—who make up 16 percent of the US population—were particularly
underrepresented on cable, with only 31 appearances (3 percent of
sources) in the study. Eight of these appearances, more than a quarter
of the total, were by
CNN contributor Sunny Hostin on
AC360; only four other Latino women appeared across all six shows. The diversity of Latino voices was even further diminished on
Fox, where five of the seven Latino guest appearances were made by
Fox personality Geraldo Rivera.
Male guests widely outnumbered women
on every show (730 to 285), making up 72 percent of the guest lists.
Just 5 percent (46) of cable news guests were women of color.
The show closest to gender parity was the
O’Reilly Factor, where women were 36 percent of guests, followed by
Hannity, also on
Fox,
with 35 percent women. However, all but one of O’Reilly’s female guests
were white; Hannity had only four women of color on his show. This
pattern is related to the phenomenon of the “
Fox News
blonde,” the young, attractive female guests who are regulars on both
shows; they’re not actually all blonde, but they are almost uniformly
white (
SteveDennie.com,
1/26/12).
CNN's Erin Burnett had the most male-dominated guest list, with only 19 percent female guests.
All In was 28 percent female, while
Maddow and
AC360's guests were both 25 percent women.
With women making up about 51 percent of the US population, they got 72 percent of their demographic share on the
O'Reilly Factor, 69 percent on
Hannity, 55 percent on
All In, 48 percent on both
Maddow and
AC360, and only 37 percent on
OutFront.
Women of color
(about 18 percent of the US public) were strikingly underrepresented on
most shows, getting 34 percent of their demographic share on
AC360, 26 percent on
OutFront, 11 percent on
Hannity and 3 percent on the
O'Reilly Factor.
Maddow, again, had no women of color as guests during the study period.
All In came closest to parity, with women of color at 60 percent of their demographic share.
Non-Latino white men, on the other hand, were overrepresented on every show. The
Fox News shows had the least overrepresentation, with white men appearing 162 percent as much as they do in the general public on
Hannity, and 167 percent on the
O'Reilly Factor. Next came
All In,
where white men had 175 percent of their proportion of the public.
White men appeared a little more than twice as often as their
demographic share on
Out Front (209 percent),
AC360 (210 percent) and
Maddow (213 percent).
Research assistance by Sara Qureshi and Aldo Guerrero.
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SIDEBAR:
Alternative Media: How Alternative Is It?
FAIR thought it would be interesting to contrast the elite dominance of these cable shows with an independent outlet:
Democracy Now!,
the daily TV/radio broadcast heard on hundreds of affiliate stations.
The structure of the show is in some respects very similar to cable news
programming, with long-form interviews, debates and panel discussions.
But the show is perhaps best known for featuring experts and analysis
that are rarely heard in the corporate media.
So how did
Democracy Now! stack up against corporate-owned
cable news? The show interviewed only two former or current government
officials, and featured far more guests who were activists—27 percent.
The most common category of guests, as on cable, was journalists, but
many of these were drawn from independent/alternative media, a type of
reporter seldom seen on cable news.
The guest list during the study period was 79 percent white—66 of the
84 guests—better than the cable average, but still bested by
All In.
Latinos were 8 percent of the guests (seven appearances),
African-Americans 6 percent (five guests). Overall, people of color were
represented 67 percent as much as they appear in the general public.
Women were 40 percent of the show's guests, making
DN! closer to parity than any of the cable shows studied. This was 79 percent of their proportion of the public.
White men were overrepresented on
Democracy Now!, but at a
lower rate—148 percent of their demographic share—than on any of the
cable news shows we looked at. Women of color were underrepresented,
appearing 53 percent as often as their proportion of the public—more
than most of the cable shows, but behind
All In.
We also looked at the diversity of the guestlist on FAIR's
CounterSpin
radio program. Because it's a weekly show with usually only two guests
per episode, we looked at a longer time frame: the first five months of
2014, during which the show featured 41 guests.
CounterSpin's 20 female guests gave it 95 percent parity with
women in the general public, and the 14 people of color interviewed
represented 93 percent of their demographic share. Women of color, with
six guests, were 86 percent of demographic parity. The 13 white men the
show featured exactly matched the white male proportion of the
population. -P.H.
Reprinted with permission from Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting.
